Appendix 8 F a t i o m , Report of 1. R. of Iran on Disaster Reduction 
Earthquake 
Technology of GIs and Remote Sensing can be applied to preparing seismic hazards maps in 
order to assess the exact nature of the risks. 
Landslides 
Landslide zontion map comprise a map demarcating the stretches or area of varying degree of 
anticipated slope stability or instability, The map has an inbuilt element of forecasting and is 
hence of probabilistic nature. Depending upon the methodology adopted and the 
comprehensiveness of the input data used, a land hazard, zonation map able to provide help 
concerning location, -extent of the slop area likely to be affected, and rate of mass movement 
of the slope mass. 
Seismological observations 
Seismological observations in the country are made through national network of 36 seismic 
stations operated by the IMD, which is the nodal agency. These stations have collected data 
over long periods of time. 
Building Damage: 
The constriction between the pattern and numbers of completely and partially collapsed 
buildings under poor quality building conditions and future better quality buildings dements 
rates the importance of improving overall building conditions. 
To the extent that the city can pursue the retio fitting or replacement of existing poor quality 
buildings before such an earthquake happens, the overall risk can be significantly reduced. The 
substantial reduction of collapsed buildings in a magnitude 7.0 earthquake would mean many 
lives saved, much property kept intact, and many businesses in a position to recover quickly, to 
achieve such improvements, strict adherence to the national building code will be needed for 
new structures built. Moreover, it is important to note that owners of existing structures 
needing strengthening will need carry retrofitting responsibilities, perhaps with some incentives 
and support fiorne local government which can not handle the entire need. 
Earthquakes of Iran show that basically Iranian earthquakes can be categorized as shallow 
depth and earthquakes occurring in the upper mantle. Iranian territory can be divided into 
different seisrnotectonic zones coast and adjacent to Iranian hoarder were severely destructed 
the coastal areas. But fortunately there was no considerable damage due to low level of 
population in the sparsely located habituated preset areas in these region. 
It is got to be mentioned that similar situation in densely populated northern. Caspian coast 
areas may result in sever and considerable damages. I. R. of Iran on Disaster Reduction 
Appendix 8 
[National Report of 
Landslides 
Landslides and sacrificial land-mass movements can be also categorized as a geological hazard 
of having fourth priority aficr earthquake, floods and desertification. 
In this manuscripts the term landslide and sacrificial land movement includes a broad concept 
covering simple and rote local slides, rock falls etc. 
The parameters involved and controlling these phcnomena includes; slope lit logy, rainfall and 
moisture mechanical characteristics of soil, gravitational forces and finally dynamic forccs such 
as seismic vibration. 
Although the hazard resulting from landslide are normally present in most regions as the 
country but it can be counted as of rain source of hazards occurring in the Alborx heights 
(Gilan & Mazandaran provinces), Azarbaijan (northwest) and Zagros Ranges. 
Sincc the areas of having the static stability coefficient of >3 are getting active during the 
earthquakes, it is concluded that dynamic forces 
resulting fi-om the earthquake can be counted as the main factor affecting on soil mass 
movements. 
Most of large landslides occurred during Rudbar’s June 21, I990 earthquakc are supposed to be 
the result of the above mentioned interaction. Studies made on some of the large extent 
landslide of the country shows that this phenomcnon is of 10000 years old and is associated 
with an old destructive earthquake (ix. Saimareh Tandslides) unfortunatcly due to the role of 
faults on present morphology of the counq and presence of springs in the down slope of the 
piedmont which resulted in concentration of population around these suitable water resources, a 
series of devastating landslides accompanied by financial and fatal damagcs are reported during 
rainy season (beginning of spring). 
Since dynamic hrces resulted ftom ground vibration normally observed aller the earthquakes 
are known to be the main cause of landslide development in Iran, it is suggested that all the 
attempts gohg to be made for overall landslide zoning of the country got to be based on 
seismic dynamism principlcs. 
FOREST FIRE 
than 2472 forest fires were reported fiom a 25 years period in the northern forested areas 
Alborz Range. These fires are normally resulted from special typc of wind which is 
More 
on the 
called fone. 
DESERTIFIC ATION 
According to the present studies, 50 millions of hectares of Iranian territory is covered by 
cavcrs (desert area) and still there are more areas which have descrtification potential. 
Desertification and sand dune movement are counted as a potential devastating factor effecting Appendix 8 
bational Report of I, R. of Iran on Disaster Reduction 
on villages, agricultural land, and communication network, industrial and economic centers. 
The existing lands in such areas as eastern part of Gorgan, Turkeman-Sahra, 
and Jirofi are those having more desertification potentials. 
Locust invasion 
Desert locusts, which are invading the southeastern and southern parts of the country, are 
normally coming from air and sea paths from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Oman Sea. Such 
devastating invasions are reported in 1942, 1948, 1978, and 1987, from southern provinces of 
Iran. There are also some reports of locust invasion to the central and very rarely as far as 
northern parts of the country. 
naWal 
Drought 
Drought resulted from low precipitation rates can be counted as one of the most important 
disasters defecting on the environment of the country. Low production rates of non- 
irrigated agricultural land and low productivity of Iranian range resources resulted fiom 
droughts are reported from different time intervals in the history of I. R. Iran. 
These fact coupled with desertification factor and arid to semi arid climates of the country are 
all intensifying the needs of requiring attention to this phenomenon and is subsequent effects 
on the country’s resource. 
Semirom, Esfahan 
23% and 28% of damages 
Vulnerabilitv evaluation. 
a) Population: according to official statistics present. More than 100000 people were killed 
during the natural hazards occurred in Iran of which 91094 people are died during the 
earthquakes and the rest are died during flooding and other natural hazards. A similar figure is 
lasso present for those being homeless and injured. 
b) Social and cultural: Role of vulnerability is different in various parts of the country. 10 
percent of damages occurring during the floods is an effecting on social and cultural sectors. 
This figure goes as high as 13 during the earthquakes. 
c) Infrastructure and facilities: According to the surveys made 
occurring during floods are related to infiastructure and facilities sectors. The average damages 
resulted fiom earthquake to these sectors can be counted approximately 58% and 19% 
respectively. 
d) Economic: While 33% of the total damages during the floods is affected on economical 
sector, the average damages during of the earthquakes can be estimated around 9 of total 
damages,