Th~sten are vSuiAty ~eoprapflIC events rfloeds, .arthcruS~ea cyclones. i4*ffires, drought arid SO fotVV Mapping and ~nfnrmarlon actrIJisrriOn ic Liital for Onaster manacremenc C&O ç~YaP/iIC (nformabor? tecflmWagy tools #~e Geographic
tn?armacjor~ svste~ns ‘SS~ arid Remote S€nsiflg CR51 suppon all aspects of disaster management a5asrer pianning, response, mitiganon, ~na recovery au become mare erricxent tnrough me use of 015 anti remote Se,ising (RSL
P~~iflpe trwn ~L relmery, Maffi,~ ith~nm~n to N~ (~wisoh, Mtanbaf ~s seen by irss•m camera
Sofl. NRSA oars centre, Hyoe,abad
GIS and Remote Sensing for Natural Disaster Prevention
Sn
D i~aster pFaflrnflQ LrlVCives
oreaicting the risk Of an event iflood. earthcicrake. cycPone~ etci and possrble impacts or the event to human
Fife. property, a-n-ti me environ ment. Once these ractors are
cetemineci, effective p FannIng
can beQrrt Response reautre•
ments~ protection neecs lrenw•
~iLnq vegetatkin In me race of a
wildfire, havde4l’nQ bridge cupoorts in tIle event of an earthQuake. evscuaten centre
*VE!tprnecltsl can IDe deter mjneg f-or areas at hi~fl~t risk This prannifl~i can be done efFectively arid quickFy with CIS
and Remote Sensirig r~S}
Thsaster DlEinnFng can ne wry povrerfui when mcrdeilcng 5 rncorpcrated Into Gis. Most potential Oisasters can be jnodeiied~ ModeJlirtg allows
dIsaster mana9ers Ui wew the
spatial chatacteristEcs or c.Pie ml pacts or disasters ~e. location, type of b Pthngsanc peo~P&and regurred resources aria (fleW availability. Ir~mediateIv follow Ing a large-scale event, one or the first ti~sks perionned is locating disaster assistance centres based on tme numDer or people Wectecl and tne avaiiab!lity OF shelter facilities, CIS p~aVs a riaairai roie in crms exercise.
CIS and RS are essential to effective preparedness, comrrianicatlon, anti training tooi for dtsastet manageni en t.
GIS as iooi in Risk Assessnerit
CI! ~n c*rtjcnlttJOn with remote sectslflg and OtiotograrTimetrv, c-an be used CO identify hazar& Seismic faults anti Flood prone areas can be Identified byscieriticts u51n4 C~S tn analyse sateilute image, aerial iThotos and field survey aata
Once tne hazards nave ueen identified, their representation can be stcreo conveniently ~n 015 databases me iritorrrbatiori recuired for earthquake nsk assesment incrudes the location and properties of seismic Fau its, surface ceSogy. terraIn siotie, water table levels anti inventories or e~icentres anti landslide cccAJrrerIces For flutfjuirie risk, ir~f-ormatlon on land use, lana cover, coastline and distance from coast are Important Similaily
Ravl Gupta
EcMtor, Q3@~aevekwmenr
Dfr~ctcr, Centre For 5patJal Database
Management a~td Softztions
tonology tiara are renuired for flood ass~ssment 3nd storm Surge anatysis.
in addition, new hnard layers can be generated within a cis ~y comb]n]n~ hazard rayers For example, a lanclsIFcle tbazarcI Layer çifl bE generated in a CI! by aueriayJr1~ elevation, surface geology, *ater table level anC taritislicle lnwentOfl’ Ctat~ and liqueFaction hazard can be generated mCI! byiiverraying geology wilAl water table level CFat2. Inventory data ~an also be stored Casily in aOl! database oata en buildIng stocx, liveliness, utilities, ~tc can bo aggregated Into 4eograøtuc regions such zscenst~swards, pin ccitiesor larger acirmnistrative regionssucn asvr!ia’ges, tarukas. and even aistricts Using statlstFcal functions a~vailable In Cr5 Systems, the average value various properties of drffererrt bijiithrrg classes can becetnpLrted ieg average mon-etar~’ value of resicientral value dweJhriqs in particular vlllagei anti stored with (fleir geOgraphic regions in the cic databa~e
me Information retrieved by cmjerypng tIle 015 database serves as inputs for the risk assessment models. These
risk assessment models can run both deterministic as well as probabilistic risk assessment Deterministic risk assessment involves defining a disaster event and computing the damage associated with that event, whereas probabilistic risk assessment computes damages for the probability for each event. Deterministic events could be defined using a 015 front-end system.
The resuiting loss patterns over regions and tneir associated uncertainties that are computed through this risk assessment can be mapped and again used for querying information through ClS application. GIS technology provides a powerful tool for displaying outputs, ana permits user to ‘see” t~e geographic distribution of impacts from different peril scenarios and assumptions and allows the users to perform a quick graphical sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the risk potential A 015 based software system creates the ideal framework to integrate the various components of the model.
The specific 015 applications in the field Of Risk Assessment are:
Hazard Mapping
A very common use of CiS in risk assessment is in the preparation of hazard maps. Hazard maps could be created to show earthquake hazard, landslide hazard, flood hazard or fire hazard. These maps couid be created for cities, districts or even for the entire country.
GIS can be used for the analysis to determine hazard zones in the map, as well as in the output and printing of such maps. These hazard maps serve as risk zone identifiers for the general population since tney are easy to understand and interpret, but tney area also of use to the planner, developers and insurance companies, since they serve as quick identifier of risk prone areas
Threat Maps
Tropical cyclone threat maps are used by meteoroiogicai departments to improve the quality of their tropical storm warning services. The purpose of these maps is to quickly communicate the risks to the people likely to get effected by the cyclones. 015 is used effectively to display the position and likely movement of the winds and the vulnerability for the identified zones.These maps are very helpful for administrative agencies involved in risk
assessment and disaster mitigation. The threat maps can be suitably overiapped with popuiation and landuse maps to arrive at meaningful conciusions. These maps can also be provided to the media for effective communication. Considering the quick turn-around time for generation of these maps, threat maps can be used for real time simulation of wind velocities, cyclone tracks and identification of potential high-risk zones.
Disaster Management
Emergency disaster management requires response, incident mapping, establishing priorities, developing action plans, and implementing the plan to protect lives, property, and the environment. GIS and PS aiiow disaster managers to quickly access and visually display critical information by location. This information facilitates the development of action plans that are printed or transmitted to disaster response personnel for the co ordination and impiementatlon of emergency efforts.
Some examples of 015 and remote sensing applications in various disasters are discussed below:
brought
GIS and remote sensing can be used in drought relief management. For example, early warnings of drought conditions wiii help to plan out the strategies to organise relief work. Satellite data may be used for to target potential ground water sites for taking up well-digging programme The first phase of National Drinking Water Mission consisteo of oistrict-wise grounowater potential maps by using high-resoiution Landsat / IRS data. An integrated study to combat drought was taken up by Department of space, Government Of India in collaboration with concerned state governments in 21 districts in different states of the country to ensure action Dian packages for combating drought in drought orone districts. This covered management of water resources, fodder resources, and integrates natural resource physical database and socioeconomic and demographic database. Data from IRS satellite on 1:50,000 scale was used to generate resource data
Earthquake
015 and remote sensing can be used for preparing seismic hazard maps. In order to assess the exact nature of the
Thematic Map and their Relevance to Natural Disasters
Thematic Data
NATURAL RESOURCES
Siope
Soiis
Geology
Land use I land cover
Drainage network Surface Reservoirs l-lydroaenmorohnioav
NATURAL ~OUR~
Rainfall Pattern
Temperature
WInd
Humidity
APMIFs0ncA TI VS SETUP
District Boundary
Tahsll Boundary
Cadastral boundary
Relevance to
Landslides, flood proneness, industrial hazards, drought
Landslides, mass washing, floods, floods earthquakes, droughts, soil borne diseases, green house effects.
Eartnquakes, floods, droughts, fIre.
Fiood cyclones, droughts, damages, assessment of industrial hazard, greenhouse effects.
Floods, earthquakes.
Floods, earthquakes, industrIal hazards, fire.
industrial hazards, earthquakes, drought, hazard preparedness and monitoring.
Floods, droughts, landsildes, epidemics, crop pests and diseases.
cyclones, droughts, epidemics.
Cyciones, droughts, epidemics, fire.
Epidemics, industries.
Reievant to planning disaster preparedness, relief measures, mitigation.
Revenue circle! Mandal.
Regulation zone—coastal, chemical, Industrial, etc.
Nanital highway.
BACKGROUND
tn recnitvearc there has been a growing concern for the safety Of the burrt envrconrti€tit Rislnq tncføence of natural disasters arid crime graphs have
Drought into focus the Issue of housing safety with multIple dimensions of physical anc social aspects. ErMronmental safety to promote health and well being to createacoflduOve IfYing environment ror growing populations is another Important dimension.. in recoqnTtlon 01 tNt the Housing and
Urban Development Corporat4an, CHIJ 000), is orunlzIn~ a two day Conference on trie subject of H0($~nQ Safety In conjunction wfth the 51b Worlø Conference on Injury Prevention and Control from 5~ to R~ Mardi 2W0.
OBJICTIVB
The conference is expected to provide a f orum for Interaction to profess~onaIs from different disciplines and other concerned groups to CIsciss Issues with a tocus on the falkwwFng concerri&
• experience sharing to bleflj perspectives on the Issue of housing safety: brfnging outinnovatlons ri institutional frame Work for nrzwlng safety;
• In the conten of develoo}ng economies, h1flhl~hUn~ the concerns of poor ana Informal groups with respect to housing safety: in
paftlctddr, the house as a production and Work cerWe iriree rn-atom (nem-es proposea for experience Waring are:
1. PllySk4/stnitttnl SaNty Design and structural preparedness for resistance to natural d1s~ten; ieSIQn OF twclone shelters~ earthQuake mesrstattt Prousing units, retcoflfflng OP damaged units, designIng for
resistance to high winu velocities. desiqnlrlg for flood protection etc.
etc.
2. mwbtmtleFtt4 Safetq SafetyM the peo~Aslon oFservlces~ It safe water, safe sanitation, sate power supply and Safe access.
3. SocIally Securt Invironnient; Design aspects of Ilouslnq layouts, dweliinQ units, communlt~ soaces an-d lnfcastructure rrom the 1cIntof view or social acceptabiflty and safety of use particularly For special groLsp~ such as women and children, and security rcom theft & crime.
Focus
ORCANISERS
t-lumari SeWernenr Minagenient institute ChISMIl Rese~rcfl arid Ti-~Irilna Win; of .iuxo WJDCO tiouse, L0d1.l ~cai. New Delhi
1W OO~ rndla
¶el g1-lla7nv4wlesm,ssalle
436-ecslM3e-tlo4
Fax :91-11436-5292
E-mail arits@iricaanetln
IWWC
SUPPfl BY : D1IJDP
risks se~ieraI f-actors Such as çravlty, magnetic. geodetic, electrical data neea to ~e analysed aFong with geoiogl cal factors
FlOQCf
Satellite data Can be effectivecv used (or mapping and mcnitcrin9 1he flOod inundated areas, flood cIrnna~e assessment. flood nanrd zon,nç and post-flood survey or rNet CentigLif allon and protecl]on works During 19U6. real time mapp~ng was clone over Godavacl basin and parts of Gaciga basin brine in Bih~r and tjttar pr~Ø~çPi This ~ cantiiitied Ourlnq tne flood period of 19W? In respect of various rivers Sucfl at can~a, Ghaghra. icosl, C-and halç, Mariananda, Brarirriputra. Teesca, Jrielurn. etc. indi!fereni vartsoftfleccuntrt TIiecyCFor-ieotwayl9aOoverMarira Pradesh coast ani resulting flood was mapped ii sln~ satellite data Floods in Jllelumancf Srahnlputn rivet-sand Ffl Onssa state were mapped during 1992.
landslide
PreparatiOn of cornprenensive iarwsllce zC’natlon map reciuires Intencive and sustained efforts. me problem Is hignly interdisdplinai-y In nature A large am-aunt Of data coruerning many variables, covering large scope areas nas to be ioliecteci, stored, sorted and evaluated. The use of aerial pflotoqrapln and aUoCtlon or remote sensing tecrinigues ¶lefln ~ri the collection of data One ot the earLy projects on tonation was carried out by Centrar Poaci Pesearcn Lnsritute In 19-St1~ in wt~ich hatard ?onatlon tecnniciues were used to chooses most sult~fle alignment ftoni the possitfle alternative assignments on ianclsiicle affected stretthes ~n sikWn area OunnQ 1989. a hazard zonatton map was prepared for a pan oF KatfloOarn
Searth and kescue
615 can ~e usec in carrying out SearCfl and Rescue oQerattons In a more effective manner by lrientrfyirig areas rhat are disaster prone! zoning them acconhinqly to risk magnitude~ }rnientorying nopulatlons and assets at risk 2nd cErnulating damage scenarios,
Recordt Management
Record keeping is tI-re Frost cr~ticat rack for dIsaster management Claims, status of reparr5, redjuired repair work, personnel, and so faj-th, can be drtficuit to maintain and accountfor. CIS facibtatec record keenbg and status Of ongoing work, As work is compietsa arics ideritifled, GIS can vlsualry display currentorojectstatw. For example, clamaqed structures deemed unsafe for occupancy or those rec~uiring minimal work can be aOproPrlatehjcccled ~Wd displayed In 015 As staws cflanges, Information can be quicki’yuodated and reports generated. Currentstatus can be easily viewed and accessed tflrough a centraL SPd 015 and PS interface.