Rehabilitation of the Housing Stock in the Earthquake Affected Areas The Ac-dan Plantflided the following Jnltbtlvet i, tonation Of Affected areas and estimates of total Joss of bWMirt~s 2. Techrncal Guidelines for the Field Assessment of flamage tr~ Revenue and Techrnc~i offIcrak and traftled volunteers 3. Guidelines Porldentiflcatton of setthement and lrWrastriicwre and Infrastructure vulnerable to landslide aria rockf all risk. 4. oevelooment of a Technology package for Repair and Rciconflructlon of damaged b.i.Jl FLUng, arid specrfhcations and cost estimates of the same 5. Tecftnlcal Manuals For RepaIr, ffecOnstruchlon of buIldings 6. Community based rehabilitatIon aiM disaster mitigatIon measures and the role øf PrODS arid the community 7 Preparation Of cinancrng Plan based on the above ReconstructIon Action Pian, for presentatIon to Financing institutions. Amongst the towns arid vIllages m*xlfl%um damafl was observed In aic cflmalt town where non-bngrnflted bulidinus built Using random rubble masonry In mud wfth thick Wails particularly th~ Jail building retest Deparbnent suirning and some ØrIwate b~uses cniiapsed touNy causlnflhe loss of precious numan lives. It was observed that bLrIidInv. with some engineering input with goon Quality construction ising reqular masonry units like concrete bioctslbrlcks either In load bearing or toioumn bum construction suffered Jets damage even near tP* epkentral area. Non-engrreerea buj?cUng coutepsed cfin h aflw2ate I~ Ow’rrofl of Chamoli and Rudraprayag An eaflhQuake fir the Chamoll/RIJ&apravag regnri on 29° March~t999 at flhidflFgflt IloLirs mea~urwt 6.8 on the ~ctlter siaie.. irre epic€nrerwas located at St49Noctfl and 97 2S LaSt, norm of Chanioli town its 6epth of focus Was abOut 30 krns below the swface of the earth, Tne ma~in1um ciamage mtensiiy obsendecl Fri the eDieEntnlJ area was measur~ct Yril on trw Molif ed MercaIi~ IncensEty Scale. Various towns and irillages Iocat~d W.thn a radius of I 2-1~ ions FF1 th~ Ncrth•South drrCCtFOr~ arid 20 kim ri the East•We’st airewor~ suffered tue n-taxirnum damages. The er,4center of this ear Wpuake lay rn the zone VoF tiie Seismic 2onIrlg map of IrtcF~a as per ars 1994. The bt~nt ot tre earthcuake was borne Dy tne Chamoli, PucIraprr~ag, renri and Pauri regions ~4s rer e~a1maths as many as 1,60.000 housing units were damaged ~n tirese tour regrons onJy me urtflquake reoortediy affectea ~I vJfla~es aria cost imniages to pub ilc and private property, besides tne toss of about 140 human hives and Ip~un~s to about ICC persons H, tne areas rnc~uding Copesh war, ChamoFF, PiØaikot, Biraill. Panarani, Jrieniparu, Xarai’wflya~, Ruaral,raya~, caucnar. Iliwara, MandakElni, shatwarl. Ag.asrrmiunF, Nactbaprsyag and Pagna rnfrasLf-uc-turE senj ices iiki~ Water SuCpiy, electric Fines etci were affected oniy EO a iirriFted extent Rut ths main damage was to macs due to a number of landslides and same cracks developed in he road, acrass the iengrn arn~ along the iength also. These required special and ir-rinled late attention before tne onset of the monsoon me state Government rpd OthEr 2gendes hke HUOCO, BMTPC and C~v&RT took LIØ trie tas~ of assessnwnt 01 damages and Of working ~ut an azti’ifl pLan for rehabihtarilin of cll~ e~rThquaIce VlttliTi5, initiatives V. Suiruh Chaltrnart aria M3n~tng (MetEor Mowing aro Urban Devebpmertr Corporation LCG. (HUOCOI ZonatiDn of AfFected Areas and !stirnates ot fatal Loss of Buildings InptiaFøarrtage assessment was cameo out at Rudraprayag and Chamoli districts irnmediatery after the earthquake by the untraFnea Revenue Of-ficiaFs, They reported ‘12(!Oé rouses as completely clam aged and 71 ,3fl as partially namagea in CliarnoFl dstrict and 7,014 liouse~ as totajlv destroyed anci 14)577 as oattfafty dan-iaqed in tjdraprayag district 3)532 villages were reported affected in Cflamoh ana 643 in tiara prayag al~trict. Most Of (he affectec vilia~es came under the Man Clakini anci Mananda bj$JnS ~iso tIle resUltant landslides had blocked four m2in roads rn ti-it regtons~ Ch~rndiCoueshtrsar, Gopeshwar-OkNniatFi, Kamaprayaq-Almora and raid rapraya~-Caurlktxnd roads Tile primary cause of damage to buRdings rn this area was Identif ieci a~ railur~ of random rubble mawnry In FYILEC mortar like corner separation Of masonry, damage aria coRapse of gable wait masonry. delamrnatlon, vert~ca?, horizontal ~nd diagonal shear cracks and mason~r uui~ng The damages were assessed on the b~srs of various parameters like the extent of crack~ng aria tiie extent of collapsed structural elements in each unit They were cacegori2ed in damage categories CO (no damaqe~ to CS tcttaJ coltapseF that hare been CevelopeO bY CBRL ~ljvut 200 teams Of technical staf F from cirrierent: state Coijernrnerfl departments Were constituted f~c Coflductiilg the damage asse’ssrnerit scientificalhy on an average each team surveyed aporoximately 200 viflages and toOk 15 to 30 cays to complete the survey in eacn noiJse eacn ano every cera]r regarning the current S~tuaflOfl was recorded. Community asset buildings like Schools, cram Pancl-tayat oFFice etc were also inspected and the total Eo~s expected wa~ to the tune Of RsSl,00.00.000 An ab;tract of the survey report is pr!€ented In Table ‘r. it can be seen from tre Tab.e that extcnsive damage bad been caused in tile Rudrapravag region espeflafly in the 04 a~iO CS categories, Map of Area Affected by the Chamoli Earthquake (29 March 1999) showing Gelological Features, Observed Ground Fissures and Damage Intensities 30.50 30.25 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONSMunsiyari.BhilanganaLEGENDFault/Thrusts Active Baijnath CrystalinesGroup - Fault! Thrusts Carbonates of Granitoids Within•37 Fissures Tejam Formation Garhwal Group Vaikrita Group Almora-DudatoliCrystalines (with IndentifierN Number) ~ Gartiwal Groups Intrusive Granite Isoseismal VIII Gneisssma zone Isoseismal VII Zone BMTPC/TARU Chamoli Earthquake Repair & Reconstruction Plan As an intermediate action, the task force felt that the survey information could be used to identify the exact causes of failures and could help in identifying measures to prevent such failures. The study could then be used to develop type designs with appropriate construction materials and technologies for a disaster resistant construction especially in the hilly terrain. Competitions could be invited for a wider participation and more creative input. In long term actions those units needed to be identified that required retrofitting to make them disaster resistant. The notified unsafe houses were to be reconstructed. Necessary support in the form of technical and financial terms required to be made available. Help of NGOs could be taken to mobilize public awareness and need for such measures. Also, for new construction in these areas Techno-Legal and Techno-Financial regime needed to be strictly enforced. Any new construction required compliance with the IS codes and loan assistance to be granted only after such compliance. Technical Guidelines for the Field Assessment of Damage by Revenue and Technical Officials and Trained Volunteers The survey teams were drawn from the revenue and the engineering departments of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was essential to devise a methodology of survey so that it could be conducted with minimum scope for manipulations as the grants were being released. The field staff and the volunteers had to be trained on the intricacies of the procedure. For this extensive training was imparted, initially to a selected staff of 107 engineers by CBRI (on classification and assessment of damage) and subsequently to 175 engineers by HUDCO and BMTPC under the guidance of Dr. A.S. Arya. The performa used for the survey incorporated details on structural damage, type of construction method for walls, roofs, flooring, type of mortar and details of columns and beams for RCC structures. It also included sketches of each floor with standard indications for types of damages to be shown in these sketches. Intermediate and long-term perspectives included standardization of categorization of damages for different geo-climatological regions of the country. The standardization would ensure systematic damage assessment that could be related to various rehabilitation efforts and could be easily understood by all. This helped in saving precious time in the post-disaster scenario. The Guidelines for Identification of Settlement and Infrastructure Vulnerable to Landslides and Rockf all Risk The Uttarakhand region of the Himalayan ranges has been identif led as extremely prone to landslides and rockfall, as witnessed in the earthquake in the recent past as well as during the Malpa and the Okhimath region landslide. The University of Roorkee has done considerable work to identify high hazard zones of landslides in the Chamoli region under the leadership of Dr A.K.Pachauri. The State Government has also identified 22 villages that need to be relocated to safer locations from the point of view of landslides and rockfalls. The concerned District Magistrates are preparing the final list. The identification is being done in coordination with the Geological Survey of India and the Dept. of Geology of the State Government. This depends on geological data, stability of slopes, soil properties, drainage profiles and activities like mining which make the area vulnerable. It was also brought out in the meeting that the villagers were reluctant to move to safer locations due to soclo-economic reasons. Therefore the community would need to be involved right from the beginning in finalizing the new location of where they were to be shifted. me relocation of villages isa sensitive issue regarding close coordination between the Dept. of Forests, Dept. of Environment, Dept. of Industries, and other land owning agencies of the State Governments In close association with the local communities. In an exclusive Task Force meeting at Lucknow, the important issue of designing proper drainage system co-related with microsheds was identified as an important aspect that could reduce the risk of landslides and rockfalls considerably. Dr.Pachauri’s micro-zonation map could be of significant use here. In intermediate and iong term initiatives, It was feit that a detailed study was required for exploring landslide events and their possible correlation with earthquakes and rupture zones using GPS measurements and crustal deformation. Early warning systems needed to be installed. The Task Force also stressed on the need for community involvement to ensure the success of the relocation exercise. No aisaster mitigation strategy can succeed in the hilly regions unless it is a part of an overall comprehensive hill area development efforts including zonation, settlement plan, water resources planning including construction of dams, control over mining and otner activities Development of a Technology Package for Repair and Reconstruction of Damaged Buildings and Specifications and Cost Estimates of the same The rehabilitation of the damaged and vulnerable houses by strengthening, retrofitting and reconstruction using disaster resistant technologies invariably calls for a package identifying tne right choice of building materials coupled with appropriate building construction methods. The skills of local artisans need to be upgraded for them to oe aoie to successfuiiy impiement these tecnnoiogies in the field. The community as a whole must accept the changes required to make their dwellings disaster resistant The resistance of the community can be addressed only by providing them complete information on this and by showing them that these indeed are beneficial to them some of the actions initiated in the affected areas to showcase the technology package are: 1. DEMONSTRATION UNITS - These serve a two-fold function • to propagate various earthquake resistant technologies using locally available material, and • to incorporate the vernacular architectural style and tradition prevailing in the area 20 demon- stration units nave been taken up in tne districts of chamoli (10 nos.i, Rudraprayag 15 nosi, Tehri- Garhwal (3 005.) and Pauri (2 nos I with the grant- in-aid assistance from HUDCO to the tune of 30 lacs. Out of these ‘12 are in advanced stages of construction 2. BuILDING CENTRES — mne survey of t~e damage assessment showed that the main reason for the extent of damage of buildings was due to non- engineering building construction without incorporating the earthquake resistant features and the poor quality of workmanship. One of the main aspects of rehabilitation ano mitigation methods is to train local people and masons on the need to incorporate earthquake resistant features and better workmanship The availability of materials is also equally important. New and innovative building materials also need to be made available to the people. In view of the same. B Building Centres. 4 Sub Centres and 2 Mobile centres are being established These will act as training centres, production centres and will be able to execute work of demonstration value. S are already functional and the remaining 3 would soon be functional. So far 175 engineers and 414 masons have been trained and each centre is expected to be able to train 500 persons during the next 4-month period. Pamphlets published jointly by the State Government, HUDCO and BMTPC highlighting the measures to be taken to make an earthquake resistant building have been widely distributed. BMTPC has also prepared a technical manual to ~e circulated amongst the technical staff of vanous government departments and building Centres. The trainees are being given hands-on experience on building material production and its use A stipend of Rs 75/ per day has also been fixed to meet conveyance and boarding expenditure Training schedules are being published in various newspapers and video coverage on training is also being given 3. MODEL VILLAGES AND MODEL BAST1 — TO make live implementation of earthquake resistant technologies (for houses under G4, G5 categories) and repair and retrofitting methods Ifor houses under 01, 02, 03 categories), HUDCO has adopted 2 model villages (1 in Chamoii — village Gingarana and I in Rudraprayag — village kansali) and 1 model basti in Gopeshwar. HUDCO has provided a grant assistance of Ps 35,00,000 for each of these model villages and the model basti totaling PS 1,05,00,000. intermediate and long-term initiatives include establishing demonstration units at many locations, continued training of masons, introduction of relevant courses relating to disaster awareness and management from school level to undergraduate level, opening an institute at Srinagar/ Gairson to be called ‘Disaster Mitigation and Management Center to exciusiveiy focus on oisaster related issues, establishment of a center of excellence at Kumaon to demonstrate various local building materials and construction techniques with special reference to disaster resistant features and establishment of a ‘Museum of Damages and Safer Construction Technologies’. Technical Manuals for Repair, Reconstruction Of Buildings Proper documentation of right technologies and appropriate building material for disaster resistant construction is important for effective implementation of the same. Technical manuals are therefore o~ extreme importance and they need to be brought out In a comprehensive manner In this regard HUDCO has brought out various guidelines incorporating do’s and don’ts for reconstruction, repair etc. using disaster resistant features showing pictorial representations of tne common mistakes tnat are committed during construction and also the simple precaution that need to be taken to make the unit disaster resistant. These pamphlets have been brought out in vernacular languages for a wider reach. More than 20,000 copies of these pamphlets have been distributed in the various affected areas. BMTPC has brought out general technical brochures on guidelines for damage assessment and post-earthquake action giving details of methodology for repair and retrofitting of building affected25,000 by tne earthquake and also special ones for Chamoli. In the intermediate and long-term perspective it is essential to sustain the public interest in alternative technologies This requires that the initial stages of the work be of high quality and a strict quality control mechanism be put into place with adequate faculties for field testing and strict supervision Building materials produced in the various building centres must adhere to requisite quality standards and the State Government should set an example to use these materials and technologies. These building construction features can also be propagated through posters displayed in prominent areas. A manual can be brought out incorporating basic designs for various types of dwelling units as used for the demonstration units being constructed by HiJDCO. A competition can ue organiseo for a wioer participation and creative inputs. As a confidence measure, efforts made for a live demonstration of the effectiveness of the retrofitting measures in 5-10 villages can be filmed for subsequent use. Community Based Rehabilitation and Disaster Mitigation Measures and the Role of NCOs and the Community The people settled in Garhwal hail from the states of Punjab, Maharashtra, West Bengal and other parts of u P. and Rajastnan, wno nao migrated from Tibet and settied in the Region more than 1000 years back There are also some communities that have migrated from Tibet Initially the main occupation was agriculture and animal husbandry but now for about 30 per cent of the families, the source of income is from the defence services or other government jobs and the other 70 Dercent is from agriculture, animal husbandry, casual labour, wool weaving and other similar businesses Tourism also forms some of the income. The patnarchal, joint family system prevails and the literacy level is around 60 per cent. Normally the average size of the community/village is about 60 families. Around 1,500 NGO5 are registered and are working in the Garhwal Region but very few are working in the field of housing Their main sources or funding are grants from the central and state government organizations They also get funds from international donor agencies like the World Bank, from European countries and from the corporate sector Mahila Mandals are active in most villages and youth organizations, which organize cultural, awareness on sanitation and other such programmes in the area. The NODs are working at the micro level and are directly responsible to the people. They can play an important role in the proper implementation of any rehabilitation scheme. Temporary Shelters are the most important relief action taken up by the government in the affected districts to provide a safe roof over the heads of the disaster affected families. For this a total Of 1077 sites have been selected out of which 731 are in Chamoli, 380 are in Rudraprayag, 200 are in Pauri and 250 in Tehri and 84 out of these had been handed over by 29~ August1999. CAPART has been identified as the nodal agency to coordinate with various NGO5 working in this area for community based rehabilitation and various disaster mitigation measures. in turn, CAPART has ioenttfied 8 NGO5 to execute 240 temporary shelters and toshiftthe severely affected families. 1215 had been built and 706 families had been shifted till the time this report was being made) A sum Of Rs 2,00,00,000 has been earmarked, Out of which Rs. 20,00,000 is for activities which also include organizing training programmes for masons and builders Other activities include making the people aware about the earthquake measures to be taken while constructing, future disaster preparedness and forming a group Of volunteers in each village. NOOs shall also be working in certain villages vulnerable towards landslide and rockfail, at confidence building measures and at convincing then, about tne neea for relocation HUDCO through its established Building Centres is seeking involvement of the NODs from the local areas for providing training, awareness and to involve them in production and marketing Of various Building Centre products Volunteers from various NOOs will be selected and shall be trained to propagate these technologies at the villages (lOGin chamoli district, 50 each in Rudraprayag, Tehri and Pauri). This program is proposed to commence from September 15tr, 1999 and last upto December 1S~, 1999 Preparation of Financing Plan Based on the Above Reconstruction ActIon Plan for Presentation to Financing Institutions The state government has announced the following grant assistance for various categories of damaged housing units in the region 05 Ps 04 Ps Ps 15,000 25,000 For 03 retrofitting For reconstruction Ps 7,500 02 Ps. 2,500 01 Ps. 800 The total liability of the State Government works out to be Ps. 81,12,00,000. Apart from this the Central Government’s assistance under the lAY has been provided for 3,000 units with a grant assistance of upto Ps. 22,000 each. The State Government has also tied up with the Stat Bank of India IRs 25 crores to about 7,000 beneficiarie for provision of subsidized loans The State Government would also be giving a one-time interest subsidy of 3 per cent on these loans to 581. For the repair of damaged Community Asset Building, the funding is yet to be tied up by the state Government. HUDCO has offered to provide the requisite funding to the State Government. CAPART has also contributed about Rs. 2 crores for construction of temporary structures The grants need not be distributed to the beneficiaries in cash can also be routed in the form of building materials produced by the building centres. Finally, the Task Force has also made a suggestion towards creation of a ‘National Natural Disaster Mitigation Fund’, which could be created at the national level with contributions from the State Governments and donor agencies. A mechanism can be developed for the release of such funds in case of any natural disaster Name Nu mber of Houses of District Damaged Cl 02 G3 04 05 CHAMOLI 19,48721,900 13,757625 2,949 RIIDRAPRAYAG9,12612,518 11,5001,008 5,099 TEHR1-GAPHWAL21,02727,043 14,748479 3,149 PAURI-GARHWAL7,089 5,731 2,087 18389 TOTAL 56,72967,19242,09211,3802,181